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Scenarios can help you determine what functions are truly useful for such satellite systems gastritis gi bleed buy ranitidine with a visa. Balance navigation with display density Many devices are constrained by limited display real estate gastritis weight loss buy cheap ranitidine 150mg. Whether limited by hardware cost gastritis tea buy discount ranitidine 300mg line, form factor gastritis diet 91303 buy generic ranitidine 150 mg online, portability, or power requirements, designers must make the best use of the display technology available while meeting the information needs of users. Every pixel, segment, and square millimeter of display are significant in the design of display-constrained embedded systems. Such limitations in display real estate almost always result in a trade-off between clarity of information displayed and complexity of navigation. By appropriately limiting the scope of functions, you can ameliorate this situation somewhat, but the tension between display and navigation almost always exists to some degree. Determine what is the most important information to get across, and make that feature the most prominent. Try to avoid flashing between different sets of information by blinking the screen. For example, an oven with a digital control might display both the temperature you set it to reach and how close it is to reaching that temperature by flashing between the two numerical values. A better solution is to display the temperature that the oven has been set to reach and next to that, to show a small bar graph that registers how close to the desired temperature the oven currently is. You must also leave room in the display to show the state of associated hardware controls, or better yet, use controls that can display their own state, such as hardware buttons with lamps or hardware that maintains a physical state (for example, toggles, switches, sliders, and knobs). Minimize input complexity Almost all embedded systems have a simplified input system rather than a keyboard or desktop-style pointing device. This means that any input to the system - especially textual input - is awkward, slow, and difficult for users. Even the most sophisticated of these input systems, such as touch screens, voice recognition, handwriting recognition, and thumb-boards, are cumbersome in comparison to full-sized keyboards and mice. Both of these devices also make use of thumb-boards when text data entry is necessary. This would be effective if you could adequately activate everything on the Treo screen by the touch of a finger. However, most Palm screen widgets are too small and require users to rely on a stylus for accurate interactions. This means that users must switch between stylus and thumb-board, making for considerably awkward input interactions. Palm has attempted to compensate for this in recent models by adding a five-way (left, right, up, down, and center) D-pad between the touch screen and thumb-board, which allows users to navigate to and activate screen widgets without actually touching the screen (see Figure 9-8). Kiosks, whose screens are usually larger, should nonetheless avoid complex text input whenever possible. Touch screens can display soft keyboards if they are large enough; each virtual key should be large enough to make it difficult for the user to accidentally mistype. Touch screens should also avoid idioms that involve dragging; single-tap idioms are easier to control and more obvious (when given proper affordance) to novice users. Chapter 9: Platform and Posture 189 Designing for handhelds Handheld devices present special challenges for interaction designers. Because they are designed specifically for mobile use, these devices must be small, lightweight, economical in power consumption, ruggedly built, and easy to hold and manipulate in busy, distracting situations. Especially for handhelds, close collaboration among interaction designers, industrial designers, programmers, and mechanical engineers is a real necessity. Of particular concern are size and clarity of display, ease of input and control, and sensitivity to context. This section discusses, in more detail, these concerns and useful approaches to address them. The following are the most useful interaction and interface principles for designing handheld devices: Strive for integration of functionality to minimize navigation.

At this phase in a project gastritis diet ��� effective ranitidine 150mg, interaction designers use scenarios and requirements to create rough sketches of screens and behaviors that make up the interaction framework gastritis diet drinks purchase ranitidine from india. Concurrently gastritis diet list effective 300mg ranitidine, visual designers use visual language studies to develop a visual design framework that is commonly expressed as a detailed rendering of a single screen archetype xifaxan gastritis best 150 mg ranitidine, and industrial designers execute form language studies to work towards a rough physical model and industrial design framework. Typically, the process of representing and presenting design solutions helps designers and stakeholders refine their vision and understanding of how the product can best serve human needs. The trick, then, is to render the solution only in enough detail to provoke engaged consideration, without spending too much time or effort creating renderings that are certain to be modified or abandoned. While we believe that usability testing and user feedback is often most constructive during design refinement, there are certainly cases where it is useful as early as the Framework phase. The following six steps describe the process of defining the interaction framework: 1. In particular, Steps 3­5 may be swapped around, depending on the thinking style of the designer (more on this later). Is it a phone that must be small, light, low-resolution, and visible in both the dark and bright sunlight? Is it a kiosk that must be rugged to withstand a public environment while accommodating thousands of distracted, novice users? Each of these form factors has clear implications for the design of the product, and answering this question sets the stage for all subsequent design efforts. Where a product requires the design of both hardware and software, these decisions also involve industrial design considerations. Later in the chapter we discuss how to coordinate interaction design with industrial design. As you define the form, you should also define the basic posture of the product, and determine the input method(s) for the system. This decision should be based upon usage contexts and environments as described in your context scenario(s) (see Chapter 6). Choices include keyboard, mouse, keypad, thumb-board, touch screen, voice, game controller, remote control, dedicated hardware buttons, and many other possibilities. In cases where it may be appropriate to use a combination of input methods (such as the common Web site or desktop application that relies on both mouse and keyboard input), decide upon the primary input method for the product. Step 2: Define functional and data elements Functional and data elements are the representations of functionality and data that are revealed to the user in the interface. These are the concrete manifestations of the functional and data requirements identified during the Requirements Definition phase. It is important to note that these elements must each be defined in response to specific requirements defined earlier. This is how we ensure that every aspect of the product we are designing has a clear purpose that can be traced back to a usage scenario or business goal. We are also concerned with the significant attributes of the objects (for example, the sender of an e-mail message or the date a photo was taken), but it is less important to be comprehensive about the attributes at this point, as long as you have an idea whether the personas care about a few attributes or a lot. Sometimes a data object may contain other data objects; other times there may be a more associative relationship between objects. Examples of such relationships include a photo within an album, a song within a playlist, or an individual bill within a customer record. Functional elements are the operations that can be done to the data elements and their representations in the interface. Generally speaking, they include tools to act upon data elements and places to put data elements. The translation of functional requirements into functional elements is where we start making the design Chapter 7: From Requirements to Design: the Framework and Refinement 129 concrete. While the context scenario is the vehicle to imagine the overall experience we will be creating for our users, this is where we make that experience real. It is common that a single requirement will necessitate multiple interface elements. For example, Vivien, our persona for a smartphone from Chapter 6, needs to be able to telephone her contacts.

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Our menus have to explain what a given function does gastritis sintomas discount ranitidine 150mg with mastercard, not just where to invoke it gastritis symptoms causes and treatment discount ranitidine 150 mg otc. Chapter 22: Menus 481 Many applications also use the status bar that goes across the bottom of their main window to display an even longer line of explanatory text associated with the currently selected menu item gastritis y acidez buy ranitidine overnight delivery. This idiom can enhance the teaching value of the command vector - if a user knows to look for it gastritis symptoms causes discount 300 mg ranitidine free shipping. To provide a good pedagogic vector, menus must be complete and offer a full selection of the actions and facilities available in the application. A scan of the menus should make clear the scope of the program and the depth and breadth of its various facilities. Another teaching purpose is served by providing hints pointing to other command vectors in the menu itself. Repeating button icons next to menu commands and including hints that describe keyboard equivalents teach users about quicker command methods that are available (we discuss this further later in this chapter). By putting this information right in the menu, the user may register it subconsciously. The Windows, Macintosh, and even the Motif style guides state that these File, Edit, and Help menus are standard. It is tempting to think that this de facto crossplatform standard is a strong indication of the proven correctness of the idiom. The menus on most of our programs may be familiar, but are they good ways to organize functions? Selections like View, Insert, Format, Tools, and Options sound like tools and functions, not goals. Users will adapt just fine if we change the File menu so that it delivers a better, more meaningful model. For example, in a music sequencer, "Song" would be a much more user-friendly term than "File. Edit the Edit menu contains facilities for selecting, cutting, pasting, and making modifications to selected objects (though if there are a lot of functions to do this, they should be grouped in a separate Modify or Format menu). Windows the Windows menu is for arranging, viewing, and switching between multiple windows opened by the program. It can also offer tools for laying out multiple documents onscreen simultaneously. We talk much more about help in general in Chapter 25, but suffice to say, this menu should contain a variety of methods for helping people learn to use your application. It could offer pointers on more powerful idioms such as accelerators, toolbar buttons, and direct-manipulation idioms. Optional Menus the following menus are commonly used, but considered optional in most style guides. An application of moderate complexity is likely to make use of at least some of these menus. Additionally, any optionally displayed structural interface elements such as rulers, toolbars, grids, drawers, sidebars, or palettes should be controlled here. Insert the Insert menu provides the facility to introduce new objects in a document. In a word processor, appropriate examples include inserting tables, graphs, and symbols. In a music sequencer, appropriate examples include inserting new instruments, effects, and key changes. Settings If you have a Settings menu in your application, you are making a commitment to a user that anytime he wants to alter a setting in the program he will easily find the way to do it here. This includes printer settings, which are often erroneously found on the File menu. Format the Format menu is one of the weakest of the optional menus because it deals almost exclusively with properties of visual objects and not functions. In a more object-oriented world, properties of visual objects are controlled by more visual direct-manipulation idioms, not by functions. Chapter 22: Menus 485 the page setup commands that typically reside on the File menu should be placed here.

A total cell retention would result in Ж ј 0 chronic gastritis risk factors purchase generic ranitidine pills, whereas a value of 1 would mean no retention of cells gastritis diet 66 generic ranitidine 150mg otc. Wash-out conditions in perfusion cultures are different due to the retention of cells gastritis in chinese best ranitidine 300mg. The increase in the dilution rate that can be employed results in a greater availability of nutrients and gastritis diet soda buy ranitidine line, consequently, in an increase of cell and product concentrations. Thus, the perfusion mode allows a high-cell-density culture to be maintained for a long period, at a high perfusate flow rate and an elevated product concentration. This results in productivities that are 1­2 orders of magnitude higher than those obtained in continuous processes. In fact, the performance of perfusion cultures is superior to that of all other operation modes (Bibila and Robinson, 1995). The operation of cultures in perfusion mode is possible for almost all existing bioreactor types. Heterogeneous bioreactors are usually operated in perfusion mode, and homogeneous bioreactors can be if a solid­liquid separation device (cell retention device) is used (see Chapter 11). As indicated for other modes, it is necessary to maintain the inoculum concentration in the range of 0. The profiles for cell growth and product formation will depend on the feeding strategy adopted, on the cell line characteristics, and on the performance of the cell retention device. In the case of homogeneous bioreactors, the maximum cell concentration in perfusion cultures can attain 107 ­108 cells mL­1. When this operation mode is used in heterogeneous bioreactors, cell concentration in the cell compartment can approach the packing limit of tissues, which is in the order of 109 cells mL­1. Product concentrations reported for these processes vary considerably, but are most commonly in the range of 100­ 500 mg L­1. Culture duration can be in the range of several days up to several months (Bodeker, 1994). The ideal approach, that is, the one that results in the highest productivity, depends on the relationship between growth kinetics and product formation kinetics. For cell lines that present growth-associated production, it is recommended to feed culture medium at an increasing dilution rate to allow maximum cell growth. However, if product forma- Bioreactors for animal cells 245 tion by the cells is not associated or inversely associated with growth kinetics, then the dilution rate should be increased up to a given value and then remain constant, resulting in a steady state of the main process parameters (Figueredo, 2002). An example of the first strategy is the so-called cell-specific perfusion rate (Ozturk, 1996), which allows maintenance of cells in a constant environment by exponentially increasing the feed rate according to the cell concentration profile (Chico and Jager, 2000). A negative aspect of this Ё strategy is that very high cell concentrations are achieved rapidly, and this may negatively affect the cell separation device (Deo et al. This negative aspect can be minimized by establishing a cell bleed stream for a controlled removal of cells from the bioreactor. This allows maintenance of a high cell viability, combined with a stable and high cell concentration, at a level that is compatible with good performance of the cell separation device. Furthermore, the high dilution rates used in this case result in short residence times of the product inside the bioreactor, which can be relevant in the case of products that are very unstable or that can be easily degraded under culture conditions. Another feeding strategy, which is sometimes called ``stationary strategy', aims at extending the culture duration for months (Bodeker, 1994). Ё However, the use of this type of strategy results in a considerable decrease in cell growth rate (Figueredo, 2002) and in an accumulation of dead cells, causing the release of cell debris and substances potentially dangerous to product integrity. To diminish this problem, cell purges are periodically carried out in order to maintain a more constant and controlled cell environment (Kempken et al. Although in most cases perfusion operation presents several economic advantages, its industrial use is not as widespread as that of fed-batch cultures. This is due mainly to false ideas of the technological and operational difficulties and an underestimation of the productivity gains of this operation mode. A critical evaluation of the characteristics of perfusion operation indicates that the disadvantages have usually been emphasized or even exaggerated (Kadouri and Spier, 1997). The design of bioreactors for perfusion operation is more sophisticated, which makes the equipment more expensive. However, the productivity increases obtained by perfusion operation allow the use of much more compact systems than those operated under batch or fed-batch mode. In this way, perfusion bioreactors can be up to 10-fold smaller for a given production scale (Bibila and Robinson, 1995), decreasing the costs not only of the bioreactors themselves, but also of storage tanks and downstream processing equipment. As regards validation, perfusion bioreactors, which are more complex and of more recent use, have been classified in the past as difficult to validate (Kadouri and Spier, 1997).