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Errors of the tokenisation process lead to difficulties in obtaining proper terms antibiotics online cheap 3 mg ivermectin overnight delivery. Chinese exhibits more patterns than captured by the three term extraction tools we tested treatment for dogs broken leg purchase ivermectin 3mg on-line. Further investigation might be helpful in finding out how the pre-processing steps affect the performance of the term extractors and which terms are affected by each source of errors virus x 1948 cheap ivermectin 3mg with mastercard. Manual selection Vs Automatic extraction of terms For the interpreters antibiotic 875mg 125mg order ivermectin 3mg line, manually selecting terms from a single document of limited size (eg. Therefore half of the time spent on reading could be saved for the interpreters to get familiar with the concepts relevant to the terms and further activate the terms for their simultaneous interpreting tasks. That is probably when such tools we discussed in this article may have obvious advantage over the manual terms extraction by the interpreters. Moreover, in other studies we also demonstrated that in addition to providing an automatically-extracted termlist, it is also beneficial to link the terms to their uses in the concordance lines of the corpus they have been extracted from. This is expected to give the interpreters an easy access to the context of the terms to see how they are used and get more background knowledge about the domain. Feedback from students After doing annotation, the students offered their written feedback on the termlists generated by the three term extractors. They generally reported that the termlists provided many relevant terms on the two topics, and the use of the lists saved their precious preparation time. The students told us they used the lists as an important indicator for the content of the conference documents and relevant background documents. The lists helped them prioritise their preparation on the most relevant terms and concepts. Most of them expressed the opinion that if they are given very limited time, they would prefer to use the automatically-generated lists for their preparation. On the other hand, students reported that the termlists in Chinese offered much less relevant terms and contained quite a number of ill-formed constructions compared with the lists in English; therefore they felt the lists in Chinese were less useful and less reliable. Nevertheless, all the meeting documents are normally in one of the word processing formats (. Interpreters need to take some time to convert all the files they obtain from their customers into plain text before they can possibly use any tool mentioned above. Combining distributional and morphological information for part of speech induction. Specialized corpora from the web and term extraction for simultaneous interpreters. Terminology resources and terminological data management for medical interpreters. Keyword extraction from a single document using word co-occurrence statistical information. Computer-based information management for conference interpreters-or how will i make my computer act like an infallible information butler We propose an automatic method based on the morphological analysis of terms and on text mining for finding the paraphrases of technical terms. Analysis of the results and their evaluation indicate that we can find correct paraphrases for 343 terms. Depending on the semantics of the terms, error rate of the extractions ranges between 0 and 59%. This kind of resources is useful for several Natural Language Processing applications. Still, availability of medical and health information does not guarantee its easy and correct understanding by lay people. It has been shown that in several situations such notions cannot be correctly understood by patients: the steps needed for the medication preparing and use (Patel et al. Our objective is to propose method for the automatic acquisition of paraphrases for technical medical notions. More particularly, we propose to concentrate on terms and their words that show neoclassical compounding word formation (Booij, 2010; Iacobini, 1997; Amiot and Dal, 2005), such as in the example (1). Such words often involve Latin and Greek roots or bases, which makes them more difficult to understand, as such words must be decomposed first (see examples (2) and (3)). To our knowledge, this kind of approach has not been applied for the acquisition of laymen paraphrases.

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Nearby neurons have similar characteristic frequencies antibiotics for dogs home remedy buy ivermectin 3mg line, and a systematic relationship exists between position in the cochlear nucleus and characteristic frequency bacteria levels in lake erie buy ivermectin 3mg with amex. In other words pipistrel virus buy cheap ivermectin 3mg line, there is a map of the basilar membrane within the cochlear nuclei virus removal free order discount ivermectin on-line. Because of the tonotopy present throughout the auditory system, the location of active neurons in auditory nuclei is one indication of the frequency of the sound. However, frequency must be coded in some way other than the site of maximal activation in tonotopic maps, for two reasons. One reason is that these maps do not contain neurons with very low characteristic frequencies, below about 200 Hz. As a result, the site of maximal activation might be the same for a 50 Hz tone as for a 200 Hz tone, so there must be some other way to distinguish them. The second reason that something other than tonotopy is needed is that the region of the basilar membrane maximally displaced by a sound depends on its intensity in addition to its frequency (see Figure 11. At a fixed frequency, a more intense sound will produce a maximal deformation at a point further up the basilar membrane than a less intense sound. The timing of neural firing provides an additional type of information about sound frequency that complements information derived from tonotopic maps. Recordings made from neurons in the auditory nerve show phase locking, the consistent firing of a cell at the same phase of a sound wave (Figure 11. If you think of a sound wave as a sinusoidal variation in air pressure, a phase-locked neuron would fire action potentials at the peaks, or the troughs, or some other constant location on the wave. At low frequencies, some neurons fire action potentials every time the sound is in a particular phase (Figure 11. Phase locking can still occur even if an action potential has not fired on every cycle (Figure 11. Sound at a low frequency can elicit a phase-locked response, either (a) on every cycle of the stimulus or (b) on some fraction of the cycles. If you have a group of such neurons, each responding to different cycles of the input signal, it is possible to have a response to every cycle (by some member of the group) and thus a measure of sound frequency. It is likely that intermediate sound frequencies are represented by the pooled activity of a number of neurons, each of which fires in a phase-locked manner; this is called the volley principle. Above this point, the action potentials fired by a neuron occur at random phases of the sound wave (Figure 11. In other words, the sound waves cycle too fast for the action potentials of single neurons to accurately represent their timing. Many auditory neurons in the brainstem have peculiar membrane properties that make them uniquely sensitive to the precise timing of their synaptic inputs. Adaptations for precise timing are particularly impressive in neurons of the cochlear nuclei, as research by Donata Oertel and her colleagues at the University of Wisconsin has demonstrated (Box 11. To summarize, here is how different sound frequencies are represented by brain stem neurons. At very low frequencies, phase locking is used; at intermediate frequencies, both phase locking and tonotopy are useful; and at high frequencies, tonotopy must be relied on to indicate sound frequency. Neurons in the auditory nuclei of the brain stem can fire with a temporal precision better than 200 sec. Contrast this with cortical neurons, whose responses to identical stimuli are a hundred-fold less precise. In the auditory system, the timing of firing conveys important sensory information about the pitch of sounds and whether sounds come from the right or left. In the mid-1960s, computers made possible detailed analyses of the relationship between the waveforms of sounds and the firing of neurons. These studies, some done by my colleagues at the University of Wisconsin, revealed that auditory neurons encode the frequency of sounds not only by their position in the tonotopic map but also by firing in phase with the sounds, by phase locking. This temporal code breaks down at sound frequencies higher than 5 kHz because the firing of neurons is not precise enough to resolve periods shorter than about 200 sec. First, our impressive ability to distinguish tones as similar as 1000 Hz and 1002 Hz seems to depend on phase locking by neurons in the brain stem. Phase-locked neurons also detect the relative time of arrival of a sound at the two ears with every cycle of the sound, a mechanism important for localizing sounds in the horizontal plane.

It is not controlled by any specific psychological defense mechanism as in other psychoneurotic reactions virus removal programs order online ivermectin. This reaction is characterized by anxious expectation and frequently associated with somatic symptomatology antimicrobial vinyl fabric buy discount ivermectin 3 mg on line. These reactions must be differentiated from schizoid personality antibiotics herpes order genuine ivermectin online, from schizophrenic reaction antibiotics for sinus infection not working buy ivermectin 3 mg free shipping, and from analogous symptoms in some other types of neurotic reactions. The symptoms serve to lessen conscious (felt) anxiety and ordinarily are symbolic of the underlying mental conflict. Such reactions usually meet immediate needs of the patient and are, therefore, associated with more or less obvious "secondary gain. In recording such reactions the symptomatic manifestations will be specified as anesthesia (anosmia, blindness, deafness), paralysis (paresis, aphonia, monoplegia, or hemiplegia), dyskinesis (tic, tremor, posturing, catalepsy). The commonly observed forms of phobic reaction include fear of syphilis, dirt, closed places, high places, open places, animals, etc. The patient attempts to control his anxiety by avoiding the phobic object or situation. The term is synonymous with the former term "phobia" and includes some of the cases formerly classified as "anxiety hysteria. The patient himself may regard his ideas and behavior as unreasonable, but nevertheless is compelled to carry out his rituals. The diagnosis will specify the symptomatic expression of such reactions, as touching, counting, ceremonials, hand-washing, or recurring thoughts (accompanied often by a compulsion to repetitive action). The reaction is precipitated by a current situation, frequently by some loss sustained by the patient, and is often associated with a feeling of guilt for past failures or deeds. The term is synonymous with "reactive depression" and is to be differentiated from the corresponding psychotic reaction. In this differentiation, points to be considered are (1) life history of patient, with special reference to mood swings (suggestive of psychotic reaction), to the personality structure (neurotic or cyclothymic) and to precipitating environmental factors and (2) absence of malignant symptoms (hypochondriacal preoccupation, agitation, delusions, particularly somatic, hallucinations, severe guilt feelings, intractable insomnia, suicidal ruminations, severe psychomotor retardation, profound retardation of thought, stupor). It does not include "mixed" reactions, which are to be diagnosed according to the predominant reaction. In most instances, the disorder is manifested by a lifelong pattern of action or behavior, rather than by mental or emotional symptoms. In such instances, the condition is properly diagnosed as a Chronic Brain Syndrome (of appropriate origin) with behavioral reaction. The personality disorders are divided into three main groups with one additional grouping for flexibility in diagnosis (Special symptom reactions). Although the groupings are largely descriptive, the division has been made partially on the basis of the dynamics of personality development. The Personality pattern disturbances are considered deep seated disturbances, with little room for regression. Their functioning may be improved by prolonged therapy, but basic change is seldom accomplished. The depth of the psychopathology here allows these individuals little room to maneuver under conditions of stress, except into actual psychosis. They are neither physically nor mentally grossly deficient on examination, but they do show inadaptability, ineptness, poor judgment, lack of physical and emotional stamina, and social incompatibility. These qualities result early in coldness, aloofness, emotional detachment, fearfulness, avoidance of competition, and day dreams revolving around the need for omnipotence. At puberty, they frequently become more withdrawn, then manifesting the aggregate of personality traits known as introversion, namely, quietness, seclusiveness, "shut-in-ness," and unsociability, often with eccentricity. The individual may occasionally be either persistently euphoric or depressed, without falsification or distortion of reality. The diagnosis in such cases should specify, if possible, whether hypomanic, depressed or alternating. Some individuals fall into thii group because their personality pattern disturbance is related to fixation and exaggeration of certain character and behavior patterns; others, because their behavior is a regressive reaction due to environmental or endopsychic stress. This classification will be applied only to cases of personality disorder in which the neurotic features (such as anxiety, conversion, phobia, etc.

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